TINA-C
TINA-C stands for Telecommunication Information Networking Architecture Consortium. It was an attempt (started in 1992) by several actors in the telecommunication world to define, design and realize software architecture for the telecommunication infrastructure. The consortium has defined a number of specifications and has organized several experiments and demos.
TINA-C is partly based on the Advanced Networked Systems Architecture (ANSA) standard developed by Andrew Herbert.
The following organizations were at one time members of TINA-C:
- AT&T
- Bellcore
- BT
- Deutsche Telekom
- France Telecom
- Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
- Siemens
- SPRINT
- Telefonica
- Telecom Italia / CSELT
- Telstra
- Alcatel
- Ericsson
- Lucent
- DEC
- HP
- IBM
Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF)
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) develops and promotes Internet standards, cooperating closely with the W3C and ISO/IEC standards bodies and dealing in particular with standards of the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP). It is an open standards organization, with no formal membership or membership requirements. It started out as a US federal government organization, and today it operates as a non-commercial not-for-profit non-governmental organization.
All participants and managers are volunteers, though their work is usually funded by their employers or sponsors.
Operations
The details of its operations have changed considerably as it has grown, but the basic mechanism remains publication of draft specifications, review and independent testing by participants, and republication. Interoperability is the chief test for IETF specifications becoming standards. Most of its specifications are focused on single protocols rather than tightly interlocked systems. This has allowed its protocols to be used in many different systems, and its standards are routinely re-used by bodies which create full-fledged architectures (e.g. 3GPP IMS).
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or W3).
Founded and currently led by Tim Berners-Lee, the consortium is made up of member organizations which maintain full-time staff for the purpose of working together in the development of standards for the World Wide Web. As of 7 September 2013, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has 383 members.
W3C also engages in education and outreach, develops software and serves as an open forum for discussion about the Web.
Administration
The Consortium is jointly administered by the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL, located in Stata Center) in the USA, the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics (ERCIM) (in Sophia Antipolis, France), Keio University (in Japan) and Beihang University (in China). The W3C also has World Offices in sixteen regions around the world. The W3C Offices work with their regional Web communities to promote W3C technologies in local languages, broaden W3C's geographical base, and encourage international participation in W3C Activities.
W3C has a relatively small staff team, around 50–60 worldwide recently (as of 2010). The CEO of W3C as of Dec. 2010 is Jeffrey Jaffe, former CTO of Novell. The majority of standardization work is done by external experts in W3C's various working groups.
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN, /ˈaɪkæn/ EYE-kan) is a nonprofit organization that has been overseeing the maintenance of Internet-related databases and tasks previously performed directly on behalf of the U.S. government and referred to as the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
ICANN was created on September 18, 1998, and incorporated on September 30, 1998.It is headquartered in the Playa Vista section of Los Angeles, California.
Internet Society
The Internet Society (ISOC) is an international, non-profit organization founded in 1992 to provide leadership in Internet related standards, education, and policy. It states that its mission is "to promote the open development, evolution and use of the Internet for the benefit of all people throughout the world".
The Internet Society has its headquarters in Reston, Virginia, United States, (near Washington, D.C.), and offices in Geneva, Switzerland. It has a membership base of more than 130 organizations and more than 55,000 individual members. Members also form "chapters" based on either common geographical location or special interests. There are over 90 chapters around the world.
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